As the Internet of Things (IoT) evolves, it paves the way for vital smart city applications, with the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) standing as a prime example. This research introduces a novel IoT-driven SPMS that leverages Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology, termed as IoT-SPMS-LoRaWAN, to surmount typical restrictions related to communication range, energy usage, and implementation cost ...